Military insurgents

This short summary will be a brief synopsis covering the issues America faces â€Å"fighting modern insurgents†. This paper will be based on Information gathered from three videos created by Dry. Martin Catalan. The First being â€Å"The Iran Threat†. This lecture give Its listeners a glimpse of what methods and strategies the Iranian government has been trying to employ against the US and Its allies. The lecture describes In detail the various threats that the united States and its allies (particularly Israel) face. The first threat covered by Dry. Citation is the threat of a clear weapon.Although Iran is a sovereign state it has been a long time concern of the US that if able to develop any type of significant nuclear technology (weapons grade or otherwise) it may fall in the hands of state sanctioned (The Iranian state) terrorist. Iran has employed tactics such as trying to kill a Saudi diplomat and bomb a Saudi embassy in the US with the help of an Iranian American. This event shows the reach that the Iranian state sanctioned terrorism and the danger it poses even on us soil. The second lecture Is titled â€Å"The Non-State Solider In History†. Dry.Catalan tells his students from the onset of this lecture that the â€Å"Non-State Solider† Is not at all a conventional solider or army or even the unrecognized Molotov- cocktail throwing rioter. They are Insurgents or guerilla groups who specialize In unconventional warfare. He explains to us that these groups are without an allegiance to a state but are often times funded by states such as Iran. These groups tend to fight using the terrain and other factors as an advantage. They try to avoid major clashes with conventional armies that are larger and better equipped.They use civilians to both strengthen their numbers and to use as a sort of bargaining chip against the worlds government. The current cancer that the US and its allies face called ISIS is this type of group. The third le cture covered was entitled â€Å"A sectarian Spring: The Continuing Struggles In Bahrain. † In this lecture Dry. Catalan covers the uprising in Bahrain that started In 2011 and continues even today. He covered the tactics that the Insurgents use In order accomplish their particular goals. He also covered the various crude weapons that these groups employ.These types of insurgences are polar opposites to the two previous mentioned groups in this paper. Although organized this type of group has far less resources and an under prepared sporadic â€Å"army† or following. At its core though, there is a thinking person or group of people who use the beliefs, conviction, and emotions of the people to immobile them dodo their (the leaders) bidding. Ferguson Missouri is an example of this type of scenario. In conclusion these are great lectures that contain a wealth of information and explains the regarded topics fully.Military insurgents By leaflets â€Å"fighting modern insu rgents†. This paper will be based on information gathered from three videos created by Dry. Martin Citation. The First being â€Å"The Iran Threat†. This lecture give its listeners a glimpse of what methods and strategies the Iranian government has been trying to employ against the US and its allies. The lecture describes in detail the various threats that the United States and its allies The second lecture is titled â€Å"The Non-State Solider in History'. Dry.Citation tells his dents from the onset of this lecture that the â€Å"Non-State Solider† is not at all a rioter. They are insurgents or guerilla groups who specialize in unconventional Struggles in Bahrain. † In this lecture Dry. Citation covers the uprising in Bahrain that started in 2011 and continues even today. He covered the tactics that the insurgents use in order accomplish their particular goals. He also covered the various crude group has far less resources and an under prepared sporadic à ¢â‚¬Å"army' or following. At conviction, and emotions of the people to immobile them to do their (the leaders)

The main purpose of the Panathenaia was to show of the greatness of Athens Essays

The main purpose of the Panathenaia was to show of the greatness of Athens Essays The main purpose of the Panathenaia was to show of the greatness of Athens Paper The main purpose of the Panathenaia was to show of the greatness of Athens Paper I disagree with the statement above. Primarily, the main purpose of the Great Panathenaia was to in the same as in the Lesser Panathenaia. The Lesser Panathenaia sought to honour the deity Athena by the means of a procession which started at the Diplyon Gate and headed through the city to the Acropolis. To honour Athena, the Athenians sacrificed many cows and sheep. The peplos was made by the women of Athens Polias in her temple. The Lesser Panathenaia also had many sporting events like traditional dancing, boat racing and a torch lit race, etc. The Lesser Panathenaia was a local event, in which only Athenians could take part, so they could not have been possibly be showing off their greatness. Later in 566 BCE, the Athenian tyrant Pisistratos expanded the Lesser Panathenaia into the Great Panathenaia, which was modelled on the Olympic and Pythian Games. The new sporting events introduced from the Olympic Games included running, equestrian events such as chariot racing and the pentathlon. The musical events included rhapsodes (reciters of poetry) retelling passages from Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad. There were also competitions for who could best play and accompany the lyre and aulos. As a result of these new events being introduced, new introduced and spectators began to come from all over the Greek world. Some also argue that in the Great Panathenaia, a very large peplos (robe) was made foe Athena Parthenos. The aim was the same, however if an additional peplos was made for Athena Parthenos in the Great Panathenaia, then in that year the Athenians had expanded their festival to honour both Athena Polias and Athena Parthenos. Athenians themselves were not trying to show off their greatness, instead the effects of the expansion of the festival made it seem that way. The introduction of new events, attracted more participants and spectators, who saw the wealth of the Athens, which by reflected in the new grand festival. They also saw the great architecture of Athens, and in particular by looking at the new temples which were recently built in the 5th century BCE, such as Parthenon on the Acropolis. The prizes of the events also increased Athenian prestige, such as amphorae of olive oil. They gave olive oil because Athena’s present to Athens was an olive tree and by giving the victors olive oil, they kept the tradition. However, as a result, it showed their wealth in oil, so that60 amphorae of oil could be given to a winner of chariot racing and one amphora contained 40L of oil. The amphorae of oil also contained paintings of the sporting events on one side and a picture of Athena Polias on the other side. This indirectly showed of the skills of Athens in arts, painting and pottery. The prizes of the musical events involved olive crowns in gold and shoed Athens’ wealth. The fact they also gave prizes to the second place winners also showed their wealth. Taken together, the expanded games and expensive prizes given to both first and second place contestants served to showed the greatness of Athens, and increase its prestige. However, welcome to the Athenians, the primarily purpose to honour the city’s goddess was served.

search for excellence essays

search for excellence essays There are countless Greek inventors, scientists, and athletes, whose life history of intellectual or athletic excellence prior to becoming wealthy is itself proof of the possibility of gaining such excellence without necessarily being born wealthy. Example is Thales and Benjamin Franklin. Greeks showed that they were not only theater goers, but also invented many forms of theater still used today (such as, drama, comedy, and tragedy). Plays were used for education, as they still do today. They invited young people to adult events, where there were lots of opportunities for learning through emulation by the young. In such situations, adults usually acted uprightly in their capacity as role models.They also used statues of heroes as role models. Greeks used a informal educational system of expert teachers, who provided both an excellent education, and a model of excellence in learning. Democracy, itself a political invention of the ancient Greeks, in the sense of being consciously practiced, allows us today to have freedom of speech, without personal or political repercussions. This freedom, opens doors for putting to use our newly discovered abilities to think critically without fear of some punishment. Buildings also showed the excellence of he people. There buildings influenced agriculture in the west for centuries. Just as the Greek Olympics, our Olympics are still an enduring symbol of the best the world has to offer. We beleive in the Olympic Games, because we beleive in excellence. We honor the contestants of the games, because they are excellent often the most excellent in the world. They have formed excellence through continually improving their ablities. When we hire people, we want the best performers that we can afford. When we marry someone, we want the best person who will have us. Its only natural that we choose to seek excellence in what we do. The Olympic athletes who are...

ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You

Choose Your SAT / ACT Test Dates When’s a Good Time for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips "I have no idea what to expect" is not a sentence you want runningthrough your mind on your way to take theSAT or ACT. If you take control of your test prep and schedule, then you shouldn't have any surprises on test day. Besides studying, part of your preparation should bestrategically planning out your SAT/ACT test dates. Instead of closing your eyes and pointing randomly at a calendar, you canask yourself some key questions to figure out when the best SAT/ACT test dates are for you. The first question that every student should ask herself, of course, is, When are my college deadlines? When Are My Deadlines? Most, if not all, students taking the SAT/ACT are doing so are part of their applications to 4-year colleges.Knowing your deadlines is the first piece of important information for making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. SAT/ACT scores might also be required for some scholarships, which also might affect your choice of test dates. Deadlines for College Most regular decision deadlines for college are around January 1st in your senior year. January 15 is another common deadline, and some colleges go even later, like into February and March. If you're applying early action or early decision, then your deadlines are probably sometime in November. It takes about 3 weeks to receive your SAT or ACT scores, so you want to make sure you leave at least this much time between your test dates and your first deadline. For peace of mind, though, you'd be much better off getting your test done and ready to go before the last possible date. Leaving it to the last minute gives you no protection if you have a fluke testing day or are disappointed with your scores. Plus there's the rare chance you could get unlucky and have your scores delayed or even canceled, and then you'd be out of time. The SAT is given 7 times throughout the year, in January, March, May, June, October, November, and December. The ACT is usually given 6 times, in February, April, June, September, October, and December. One way to consider your testing schedule is the "1/3 - 2/3 rule." Depending on when you're starting to prep and plan, you could take the SAT/ACT 1/3 of the time between your starting point and when your applications are due, and the second time at 2/3 between "now" and your deadlines. If you started in January of junior year, for example, you could take your first SAT/ACT in April or May and your next test in the fall, like in October. This "rule" assumes you're going to take the SAT/ACT twice, but a lot of students choose to take it three or more times. I'll delve into what a typical test-taking schedule looks like for students more below, but first let's discuss the other deadlines you might be meeting: scholarship deadlines. Can't relate to this at all, right? Deadlines for Scholarships Your SAT/ACT scores might also be an important consideration for winning scholarship money. Most score-based scholarships come directly from colleges, so your scholarship deadlines will generally match your college deadlines. If SAT/ACT-based scholarships are important for you, then you might want to get your scores earlier to help determine your college list. If you are able to achieve qualifying scores for guaranteed SAT/ACT scholarships, then you can make sure to apply to those schools that will award you money. Since application planning is a process that takes several months, you probably want to have your SAT/ACT scores by the end of junior year. That way you can plan accordingly, know which colleges you're applying to, and focus on the rest of your application. As I mentioned above, one potential problem with taking your tests last minute is that you'd run out of test dates if you aren't satisfied with your scores. Many students take the SAT/ACT more than once or twice to prep between tests and improve their scores. How many times you want to take the test is the next important questionto ask yourself when choosing test dates. How Many Times Do I Want to Take the SAT/ACT? There is absolutely nothing wrong with taking the SAT/ACT more than once to achieve your target scores. In fact, I'd highly recommend taking it at least twice, if not three or more times. Almost everyone improves when they retake the SAT/ACT. This "real test" experience can be especially valuable if you use it as a launching off point to determine your strengths and weaknesses and do targeted test prep that will help you pull up your scores the next time. If, like most students, you're taking your test more than once, then you want to make sure you leave yourself enough test dates and monthsin between each one to study. If you took the SAT in May and then again the next month in June, then you really wouldn't have time to improve very much. Instead, you want to leave several months in between test dates to prep effectively. Given this strategic approach to hitting your scores on the SAT/ACT, what does a typical test-taking schedule look like for most students? Typical Test-Taking Schedule A typical SAT/ACT schedule for the majority of students involves three opportunities to take the test. Hopefully this guide helps you realize that there are several considerations when making your SAT test date choice and ACT test date choice. Just because this schedule works for a lot of students, doesn't automaticallymean it's the best one for you. Typical Schedule Many students take their first SAT/ACT in the fall of junior year, after spending the summer studying. After receiving their initial scores and reflecting on the experience, students can take the next few months to reinforce their understanding and improve areas of weakness. Then they take the test again in the spring of junior year. At this point, you might have achieved your target scores and be satisfied with your results. If you want another chance to improve your scores, you still have several summer months to prep and then take your test again in the fall of senior year. At this point, you've reached your last opportunity to test and will be applying to college. There are pros and cons to this schedule. The pros include 3 opportunities to take the SAT/ACT Advanced skills and content knowledge that you've developed throughout high school. Over a year to prep and improve your scores between fall of junior year and fall of senior year. This schedule works really well for a lot of students, but there are also some cons to consider: Limited test dates. Once you reach fall of senior year, you don't have time to take the SAT/ACT for a fourth time. May overlap with busy times of year, like AP tests, college planning, and varsity sports in junior and senior year. May feel more pressure and stress on each test date, since you don't have extra time beyond these dates. If any of these cons resonate with you, perhaps because of your junior year activities or anxieties around testing, then you might consider pushing back this typical schedule and registering for the SAT/ACT even earlier than junior year. Juggling a lot junior year? Considertaking the SAT/ACT earlier. Earlier Schedule If you push this typical schedule back about half a year, then you could take your first SAT test in the spring of sophomore year and then have about three more opportunities to test. If you wanted five test dates, then you could take it in the fall of sophomore year. Depending on how much prep you put into the SAT/ACT, you could even be ready to take it freshman year. Technically, you can take the SAT as many times as you want and the ACT up to 12 times. Of course, this would be overkill, both a waste of time and money and a potential red flag to colleges. While taking the SAT/ACT up to 6 times is acceptable, you probably don't need more to leave yourself any more test dates than that. If you find yourself having to take it over and over to achieve your scores, that time and energy could probably be better spent on test prep. Besides taking the pressure off and leaving you with more test dates, pushing this typical schedule back to sophomore year is a good option if you're trying to build up your scores section by section, or "superscore" your test. I'll explain what exactly I mean by superscoring below. Superscoring the SAT/ACT For anyone not familiar with the term "superscoring," it refers to the policy that some colleges use when they consider your standardized test scores. If colleges superscore, they take your highest section scores across all the dates you took the test and use those for your final test scores. If you take the SAT/ACT more than once, then superscoring is your friend. If you know that your colleges will superscore your results, you can actually use this policy to your advantage. Rather than focusing on improving your scores in every section every time you take the test, you could focus intensively on bringing up your math score, for instance. Then you could take the test again and really focus in on Reading, or Writing, or ACT Science. Obviously you shouldn't completely neglect any sections, but this could be a way to achieve a really strong score section by section across numeroustest dates. Again, you would need to make sure your colleges superscore and don't look at all scores or your highest sitting.If you're using this approach, you would want to start taking the SAT/ACT in freshman or sophomore year to leave yourself enough test dates. Again, I wouldn't recommend taking either test more than 6 times. This superscoring approach to taking the SAT/ACT leads us to the next important considerationwhen choosing your test dates - how much test prep you're willing and able to devote to meeting your goals. Hard at work. How LongCan I Prepare Before My Test? Just as you don't want to neglect any sections of the SAT/ACT, you also don't want to treat any official test as a throwaway, even if it's just the first time you're taking it. At the very minimum, I would recommend putting in 10 hours of test prep before sitting for a real test. This will help you get familiar with the instructions and format, but won't help much beyond that for improving your scores. Your study schedule is a big factor in determining which test date you choose for your first SAT/ACT. So how long do you plan to study? How Much Time Can I Devote to Test Prep? To figure out your study schedule, you need to figure out how you can balance test prep with everything else you're doing in and out of school. I think the best way to make a schedule and stick to it is to write it down in a planner or calendar and create a routine. If you have free time on Mondays and Wednesdays from 5 to 8, then set that aside as your study time. Of coursethis can change if you get assigned a big project or essay, but beingconsistent about your test prep is the best way to ensure that you'll stick to your plan. Before taking your first SAT/ACT, I would also recommend taking a practice test. You can time yourself, score it, and see if you're performing near your target scores. If you're much lower than you think you can achieve and still have several available test dates, then you might want to hold off on taking the real test until you study some more. If you start early enough, then you can have more flexibility in your study schedule and which test dates you choose. Either way, it's a good idea to consider your test-taking schedule in conjunction with your test prep schedule. As academic tests, the SAT/ACT also line up with your classes in school, but when they line upmight differ from student to student. Before signing up for your test, you should consider how it coincideswith your current high school classes. How Does It Line Up With My Classes? In order to answer this question, you want to familiarize yourself with what's actually tested on the Reading, Writing, and Math section of the SAT and the Reading, English, Math, and Science section of the ACT. While the content on each test is not all that advanced, there are certain concepts that are helpful to have studied in school. Both tests cover geometry, for example, and the math section of the ACT even covers some trigonometry. If you're taking geometry freshman year, then your best SAT test dates might beearlier than junior or senior year, since by then you'll have moved onto more advanced math. Conversely, if you aren't studying geometry or trigonometry until junior year, then you might be better off sticking to the typical schedule mentioned above and taking the SAT/ACT for the first time junior year. Similarly, you might benefit from one or two more years in high school writing persuasive essays and developing your reading comprehension skills before taking the SAT/ACT. If you're strong in English, however, you might be well prepared to score highly before you're an upperclassman. Plus studying early could help you cultivate your existing skills and get a headstart on learning new knowledge. The best way to gauge your level is to tryofficial practice problems for the SAT and ACT and see how familiar you are with the material. If you're already studying the concepts you need in freshman or sophomore year, then you might strongly consider signing up for the test early and even getting it finished with before you're a junior or senior. Getting your scores all set and ready to send to colleges early may also be a relief if your schedule gets busy in th and 12th grade. Yikes. What Else Is On My Schedule? When choosing the best SAT test dates and ACT test dates, you might also think about what other activities and responsibilities you have coming up. Junior year might get busywith AP classes and finals. You might lead Student Council or an Amnesty International campaign. Maybe you're exhausted everyday fromvarsity football practice. If your life is looking hectic junior year, then you might want to get your SAT/ACT done earlier than junior year. Even if it seems easier to push off the tests and let Future You deal with them, you could do yourself a favor by prepping early, taking the tests, and then having more time as your schedule gets more and more packed. On the flip side, maybe you're busy with summer camps before freshman and sophomore year and have more time before th and 12th grade. In either case, you can really personalize your testing schedule to fit your own goals and find balance with your other activities and interests. These might sound like a lot of questions to answer before signing up for the SAT/ACT, but they are meant to help you take control of the process and maximize your ability to find balance and achieve strong scores for your college applications. Read on for a summary of the most significant factors in determining the best SAT/ACT test dates for you. Choosing Your SAT/ACT Test Dates As I mentioned above, the typical test-taking schedule for the SAT/ACT is to take it for the first time in the fall of junior year, again in the spring of junior year, and, if so desired, for the final time in the fall of senior year (as long as your college deadlines allow). Students who are prepping earlier might move this timeline ahead to leave themselves extra test dates or get their scores all set and ready to go early. The most important questions you should ask yourself when planning your test-taking schedule are the following: What are my deadlines for college and scholarships? How many times do I want to take the SAT/ACT? Am Itrying to improve my scores in all sections with each retake or using a "superscoring" strategy? How long do I plan to study? Besides these primary considerations, you might also consider your classes and other pursuits as factors. In this case, ask yourself How does the SAT or ACT line up with my high school classes? What else do I have in my schedule and how can I balance test prep with my other assignments and activities? By answering these questions, you can devisea test prep and test-taking schedule and have a strong rationale behind your choices. Take control of the college application process by having a strong sense of where you're starting out, where you want to go, and what you need to do in between to get there. By articulatingclear reasons and a strong sense of purpose, you can answer any questions you have about the SAT or ACT and achieve your goals. Confused pug answered all his SAT/ACT questions. What's Next? Find out which exact dates you want to choose with our Table of 2015-2016 SAT Test Dates, and then read our Full Review of Every Single 2015-2016 SAT Test Date here. For more test-specific advice on exactly when to take the SAT or ACT for the first time, check out our SAT guidehere and ACT guidehere. Do you still have questions about how to design the best study plan for the SAT/ACT? Check outour guidefor your study plan before junior year and study plan before senior year. As you study, you definitely want to use official SAT and ACT practice questions. You can download official practice test pdfs for the SAT here and the ACT here. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Preparing to Conduct Business - Research Paper Example The organization chart should focus on specific roles and responsibilities instead of individual workers. If the organizational structure does not exist it means that job duties, roles and responsibilities are frequently neglected. If the gap in responsibilities exist than no one will acknowledge the accountability part or take the responsibilities of their duties, instead they will be pointing fingers. Basically the gap is the one thing which leads the company to identify the areas in the organization which require improvement. This improvement may include training and development of a single employee or it might include the restructuring of a whole department or more than one department. If the organization lacks a structure, the productivity and efficiency of the organization can suffer a lot as the basic factor of accountability is missing. If the organization lacks a structure or if it is weak, conflicts can arise because employees are not clearly informed about their job description, which includes the job duties and job responsibilities. Conflicts can occur as everyone will put the task on the shoulder of other employee as no one knows who has to perform it or how it will get done. Another cause which can lead to conflict is that when people having no authority tend to seek control in the organization. Due to this reason many responsibilities and roles can suffer including managerial and non-managerial as the organizational hierarchy doesn’t exist. The whole effect of the problem that occurs due to lack of organizational structure results in reduced productivity and poor operations which lead to low profitability. As the responsibilities are not clear to management individuals or management teams, everyone lacks coordination and right direction to generate profits (Hill and Jones, 2010). Here we can also say the strategic management part is absent in

Final Class Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final Class Project - Assignment Example Another element of ethics that nurses failed to observe is the principle of Non-malfeasance, which means shying away from causing any harm to the patients (Guido, 2010). Nurses are expected to illustrate a high level of competence in order to avoid any injures or suffering to the ailing patients. This principle also comprises the reporting of the nurses that fail to adhere to the ethics and laws of nursing, and, those suspected of going against the nursing rules are nullified. Nurses also failed to adhere to the rules of Autonomy. This principle deals with independence and the capability to have self- direction. This means that patients are given the right towards self-determination. In this case, patients have a right to know how they are fairing and therefore, have a right to either accept or deny treatment (Guido, 2010). The rights of the patients must be respected. Finally, according to the principle of justice, patients should receive treatment fairly and equitably. This means t hat nurses should spend ample time with patients and offer absolute attention to the satisfaction of the patients. In addition to the ethical issues, nurses had a legal obligation to this patient. The presence of law in nursing practice is to ascertain that both the nurses and patients are protected from any victimization or malpractices that may compromise their profession or health respectively. In other words, nurses show competence, safety and holistic care towards their patients. In addition, they are expected to render absolute care through principles of reasonable and prudence and show some clinical competency (Guido, 2010). Was there a deviation from the standards of care in this instance? Explain It is the role and responsibility of the nurses to ensure that patients receive maximum care in terms of their health. Based on this case, nurses seem to have deviated from the standards as prescribed by the principles of nursing and care. These nurses failed to show any concern on the patient yet he had admittance in their clinic. It is the responsibility of the nursing profession to owe similar duties to self and to patients, including the obligation to maintain integrity and safety, in maintaining competence and endure with individual and professional growth. However, the nurses expected to demonstrate care to the patients failed to show any sign of integrity and due care when they left the patient unattended to, and this may have led to his death (Ganske, 2010, Sept.). Another standard of care that nurses failed to adhere to is the standard of moral self respect. Moral esteem accords value and self-respect to every human being regardless their individual attributes or even circumstances in their lives. Nurses should extend such esteem towards themselves and also to the patients. In our case scenario, nurses deviated from demonstrating any form of integrity towards the patient and instead abandoned him to die in agony. As much as denying them self-esteem, such a behavior demoralizes their personal values and integrity in the nursing profession. What elements of negligence/ malpractice are demonstrated in this case? Explain Malpractice comprises the wrongful conducts demonstrated by a professional person. It also involves discharge of unacceptable professional roles or even the failure to adhere to the principle of proper care which

Setting the stage for strategic compensation and bases for pay Term Paper

Setting the stage for strategic compensation and bases for pay - Term Paper Example Compensation Department Goals Milkovich & Newman (2005) define compensation as the financial returns and benefits employees receive from employer in order to achieve a positive relationship between employer and employee. It is geared at enhancing employee’s performance and organizational effectiveness and consequently competitive advantage in the labor market. The compensation department is part human resource department as it is concerned with employee base pay and benefits administration.The main goals of the department are to attract, motivate and retain talented employees in the organization. To achieve these goals, an organization needs to align its compensation objectives with organization objectives (Ledford & Heneman, 2002). To attract high quality talent, its pay has to be competitive in the market. The compensation department carries out surveys to determine what the other organizations are offering for similar tasks and pay the same amount or higher than the competi tors. The salary should reflect the value of the job being performed for an employee to be satisfied (Heneman, 2002).If the compensation an employee receives is not equivalent to the task performed or is not equivalent to what others performing similar tasks in the organization or in the job market, then the employee loses morale or is demotivated leading to poor performance and loss of productivity for the organization hence the compensation system should be internally equitable and externally competitive (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). Through job evaluation, salary structure and performance management systems, an organization can be able to motivate and retain high performing employees. Ledford & Heneman (2002) argue that performance appraisals can be used to justify increased pay rate (413). Higher pay rates then enable the organization to set high selection standards thus recruit better qualified employees. To retain the employees, the organization can offer pay based on performance or the currently new system of pay for skills (Bohlander & Snell, 2010). However, motivation depends on the value of rewards achieved after achieving the set standards or after good performance thus the rewards should be motivating so as to direct behavior towards high performance. Contextual Influence That Pose Greatest Challenge and One That Poses Least Challenge to Companies’ Competitiveness Organizations strive to achieve competitive advantage through its compensation system. According to Cardy & Leonard (2011), company gains competitiveness if its pay is fair compared to what is offered by other organizations. This can be achieved by developing strategies aimed at ensuring it remains competitive in the market such as cost leadership and differentiation. A strategic analysis of the internal capabilities and external market environment is required to establish the challenges to organizations competitive ability. Organizations attain efficiency by operating at low cost whi le at the same time producing high quality products. This has an implication on its inputs since the cost of production is determined by cost of inputs such as labor, capital and land. To attain efficiency, it thus has to ensure maximum utilization of its resources; in this case its employee skills, knowledge and interests. The competitiveness of the company is however challenged by various contextual factors such as; employment laws, labor unions, market influences and social factors. These factors affect compensation practice and consequently competitiveness (Milkovich & Newman, 2005). The employment laws may pose a great challenge to compensation practices. The wage laws determine the minimum and maximum wages an employee can receive and prohibit employment discrimination. If an employee perceives a practice such as performance pay or skill based pay as discriminatory, he/she can claim discrimination allegation. The base pay for employees performing